The scalable fabrication of perovskite solar modules (PSMs) is currently hindered by the difficulty of controlling crystallization over large areas and the reliance on toxic anti-solvents. To address these challenges, we report a novel Seed-primed Vacuum-Assisted Crystallization (S-VAC) strategy that enables the formation of high-quality perovskite films without the use of anti-solvents. By introducing oleylamine (OAm) into the precursor solution, we induced the formation of stable $\alpha$-phase seeds, which serve as templates for crystal growth. Subsequent vacuum processing facilitates the vertical growth of these seeds, resulting in dense, uniform, and pinhole-free films across large substrates. Consequently, the fabricated perovskite mini-modules achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.1%. Notably, the modules exhibited exceptional long-term stability, retaining over 94% of their initial efficiency after one year of outdoor testing. This eco-friendly and scalable approach offers a promising pathway for the commercialization of high-performance perovskite photovoltaics.

- Authors (Pusan National University): Sun-Ju Kim (Department of Nano Fusion Technology), Ji-Youn Seo (Department of Nanoenergy Engineering), Hyo Jung Kim (Department of Organic Material Science and Engineering)

- Title of original paper: Uniform Monolithic Perovskite Films for Scalable Modules: Anti‐Solvent‐Free Crystallization via Seed Priming and Vacuum Processing

- Journal: Advanced Energy Materials

- Web link: https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202506521 

- Contact e-mail: j-y.seo@pusan.ac.kr